Isabella Flores
When referring to the title of a painting, it is generally acceptable to use either quotation marks or italics. For example, one might say, The painting 'Starry Night' by Van Gogh is a masterpiece, or The painting *Starry Night* by Van Gogh is a masterpiece. It is worth noting that some style guides, like the Chicago Manual of Style, recommend using italics for artwork titles to set them off from the surrounding text. Ultimately, the choice between using quotation marks or italics can depend on the specific style guide or formatting convention being followed.
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What You'll Learn
Quotation marks for short works
Quotation marks are used to indicate the titles of creative works, highlight specific terms or phrases, and emphasise tone. The general rule is to use quotation marks for titles of short works and italics for titles of long works.
Short-form works like poems, songs, short stories, articles, essays, and chapters within books use quotation marks for their titles. For example, the title of a poem would be stylised as "Title" and a song as "Song Title" when appearing in text.
Long-form works like books, films, stage plays, TV shows, podcasts, albums, and periodicals (like magazines or newspapers) use italics for their titles. For example, the title of a book would be stylised as *Book Title* and a film as *Film Title*.
It is important to note that different style guides, such as AP (Associated Press) and Chicago, have their own guidelines for when to use quotation marks and italics. For instance, AP style uses quotation marks for titles of creative works, while Chicago style uses quotation marks for shorter works and italics for books and periodical titles.
Additionally, when using quotation marks for titles, there are rules for the placement of other punctuation marks. Periods and commas go inside the quotation marks, while colons and semicolons go outside. Question marks and exclamation points can go inside or outside, depending on the meaning.
Finally, when using quotation marks within quotations, use single quotation marks within a double quotation. For example: She asked, "Did you say 'Quote'?"
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Italics for long works
The use of italics and quotation marks in writing is an important skill to master. Italics are a typeface where the printed text is slanted to the right, serving to distinguish words from the surrounding text and draw attention to them. In academic writing, italics are used to emphasise specific words or phrases, denote titles of longer works, introduce new or unfamiliar terms, and highlight foreign words not commonly used in English.
When it comes to the titles of creative works, the general rule is to use quotation marks for shorter works such as articles, poems, songs, essays, or short stories, while italics are used for longer works like books, journals, newspapers, and movies. This distinction is important in academic writing, where the titles of books and plays are italicised, while articles and poems are placed in quotation marks.
In addition to creative works, italics are used in several other instances. These include the scientific names of organisms (binomial nomenclature), legal case names, certain vehicle names, and titles in art and writing, such as classic paintings and sculptures. Italics can also be used to discuss a word itself or to add deeper meaning to a word or phrase.
When deciding whether to use italics or quotation marks, it's important to consider the context and the specific style guide being followed, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago style. While the basics remain consistent, there may be minor variations in the usage of italics and quotation marks across different style guides.
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Quotation marks for titles within text
The use of quotation marks in titles depends on the style guide being followed and the context in which the title is being used.
American English
In American English, double quotation marks are typically used for titles, while single quotation marks are reserved for quotations within quotations. For example, when referring to the poem "Harlem" on its own, we use double quotation marks. However, when mentioning it within another pair of quotation marks, we use single quotation marks for clarity: "The poem 'Harlem' is one of my favourites."
Additionally, in American English, longer works, such as books or movies, are usually italicised rather than placed in quotation marks.
British English
In British English, the use of single and double quotation marks is switched. Single quotation marks are typically used for titles and speech quotes, while double quotation marks are reserved for quotations within quotations.
APA Style
In APA style, titles are neither italicised nor placed in quotation marks in reference lists or works cited pages. However, when a title is written within the text or in a copyright attribution, quotation marks are used.
MLA Format
MLA format calls for the use of the appropriate format for the type of work being referenced, which may include the use of either single or double quotation marks.
Specific Cases
There are also specific conventions for certain types of works. For example, titles of lectures are placed in quotation marks, while the names of lecture series are not. Concertos, operas, overtures, sonatas, suites, and symphonies are not placed in quotation marks, but if the work has a specific title, that title is placed in quotation marks, e.g., "Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6, 'Pathetique'."
Paintings
When referring to the title of a painting, there is some debate. Some sources suggest that the title should be italicised, treating it similarly to the titles of photographs or classic art. However, if the title of the painting is also a quote, quotation marks may be more appropriate. For example, if a painting has a plaque that reads "Facets," the title could be written as *Facets* or "Facets," depending on the style guide and context.
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Italics for published collections
The general rule for italicizing published collections is to use italics for titles of longer works and quotation marks for shorter works.
Longer works include books, movies, music albums, magazines, newspapers, symphonies, and publications. For example, if you are referring to a collection of novels in one book, the title of the collection would be italicized, and the titles of the individual books would be put in quotation marks.
Shorter works include articles, poems, songs, essays, short stories, chapters, and other sections of a larger work. For example, if you are referencing a specific article in a magazine, the title of the article would be in quotation marks, while the name of the magazine would be italicized.
It is important to note that different style guides have different standards for italics and quotation marks. For example, the APA style guide uses quotation marks for all types of works, while the Chicago Manual of Style specifies that titles of unpublished works are set in roman type, capitalized as titles, and enclosed in quotation marks.
Additionally, when referring to a business or institution, you would not usually italicize the name, even if it shares the same name as a published work. For example, if you are referring to the newspaper "The New York Times," the title would be italicized as it is a published work. However, if you are referring to the company that owns the newspaper, you would not italicize the name.
Finally, when it comes to titles of art, there is no definitive rule, and you can choose to use either italics or quotation marks, but generally not both.
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Quotation marks for song titles
The use of quotation marks and italics in song titles depends on the style guide being followed, the format of the song, and the personal preference of the writer.
Song titles are often enclosed in quotation marks, especially in American English. For example, "I'm the Man" and "In da Club" are songs by 50 Cent. When a song title appears within a larger quoted sentence, single quotation marks are used for the song title in American English, and double quotation marks are used in British English. For example, in American English: "I loved writing 'I'm the Man'.". In British English, this would be written as: 'I loved writing "I'm the Man".' Any punctuation that is part of the song title also goes inside the quotation marks.
Italics for Song Titles
Some style guides and writers prefer to italicize song titles. For example, in The Chicago Manual of Style, song titles are italicized, while album titles are written in regular type. In British English, commas and other punctuation marks typically go outside the quotation marks, so writers may choose to use italics to avoid this issue.
No Quotation Marks or Italics
In certain contexts, such as dialogue or creative writing, song titles may be written without quotation marks or italics. For example, in dialogue, song titles are typically not enclosed in double quotation marks at the end of a sentence. Additionally, when listing songs within an album or play, using quotation marks can result in awkward phrasing, so some writers may choose to use italics or no special formatting at all. Ultimately, the choice between quotation marks, italics, or no special formatting for song titles may depend on the specific context, style guide, and personal preference.
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Frequently asked questions
No, the names of paintings are usually italicized.
If the name of the painting is a quote, it is best to italicize the name and then add a parenthetical comment saying "(quotation)".
If you are referring to a specific painting within a larger work, use quotation marks around the painting's name.
Yes, there may be minor variations depending on the style guide you are using (e.g. APA, MLA, Chicago).
