Elena Rossi
When referencing a painting in a footnote, it is important to follow the correct citation style, such as Chicago style, which is commonly used in art history. The format for a footnote varies depending on the source of the painting, whether it is from a book, article, or online source, and the institution where the artwork is located. Generally, a footnote number is placed at the end of a sentence with information that is being cited, such as the artist's name, title of the artwork, date, medium, size, and location. If the painting is reproduced publicly, copyright information should be included. Captions and credit lines are also important elements to consider when referencing a painting in a footnote, providing essential context and credit to the artist and source of the work.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Artist's name | Last name, first name |
| Title of Artwork | Italicized |
| Date of Creation | Year |
| Medium of Artwork | Marble, oil and charcoal on canvas, pastel drawing, silk, oil on canvas, etc. |
| Size of Artwork | Metric or imperial measurements |
| Name of Institution Where Artwork is Located | The Louvre, Weisman Art Foundation, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ackland Art Museum, etc. |
| Name of City | Paris, Los Angeles, New York, Chapel Hill, Melbourne, etc. |
| Title of Book | Portrait of a Woman, Body Culture: Max Dupain, Photography and Australian Culture 1919-1939, etc. |
| Book Author's Name | Steve Tome, Frederick R. Weisman, Carol C. Gillham and Carolyn H. Wood, Isobel Crombie, etc. |
| Page Number | |
| Figure Number | Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc. |
| Publisher | Stern and Co., Images Publishing Group, The Museum, University of North Carolina, etc. |
| Year | 1992, 2004, 2011, etc. |
| URL | http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/4409, http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/7621, etc. |
| Access Date | 24 May 2012, 5 January 2011, etc. |
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What You'll Learn
Citing a painting in Chicago style
When citing a painting in Chicago style, there are a few conventions to follow. Firstly, check with your instructor about their preferred citation format, as this may differ from the general guidelines provided by the Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition.
In Chicago style, images and illustrations are typically referred to as "figures". Each image should be labelled with "Fig." followed by Arabic numerals (e.g. Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc.). Figures should be accompanied by a caption placed near the figure, which serves as the primary citation. The caption typically includes the figure number, artist's name, title of the artwork in italics (or a description if there is no title, not in italics), date of creation, medium, size, location of the artwork (institution, city), and any relevant publication details. Here is an example:
> Fig. 1. Michelangelo Buonarroti, The Slave, 1513-15, marble, 2.09 m, Paris, The Louvre.
If you are including a footnote for the painting, the Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition, suggests the following format:
> Footnote Number. Artist's First Name Last Name, "Title of Artwork" or description if no title, Date of Creation, medium of artwork, size of artwork, Name of Institution Where Artwork is Located, Name of City [if not already stated in Institution name], Title of Website, Museum Accession Number, URL.
For example:
> 1. Michelangelo Buonarroti, "The Slave," 1513-15, marble, 2.09 m, The Louvre, Paris.
Note that you can omit any elements that you do not know, such as the medium or size. Additionally, if you are reproducing someone else's image in your work for formal publication, remember to investigate copyright and obtain permission from the copyright holder if necessary.
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Citing a painting in APA style
When citing a painting in APA style, there are a few key elements to include. While APA does not have a written standard for images, and there may be differences in how other research guides show you how to format citations, the following elements are generally agreed upon:
- Artist's name: Begin with the artist's last name, followed by a comma, and then their first name. For example, "Gogh, Vincent van." If the artist is unknown, simply omit this part of the citation. If the artist is listed as "Anonymous," use that word in place of the artist's name.
- Title of the painting: The title of the painting should be in italics and use title case, capitalizing all nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adverbs. For example, "The Starry Night."
- Year of creation: Include the year the painting was created, followed by a period. For instance, "1889."
- Medium: Provide the medium of the artwork in brackets. For example, "[Oil on canvas]."
- Location of the artwork: Mention the location of the painting, including the name of the institution, museum, or collection, the city, and the country. For instance, "The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, USA."
- URL (for online images): If you accessed the painting online, provide the URL of the website where you viewed it. For example, "https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79074?artist=Vincent+van+Gogh."
Gogh, V. van. (1889). The Starry Night [Oil on canvas]. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, USA. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79074?artist=Vincent+van+Gogh
It is important to note that if you viewed the painting on a museum's website, omit the name and location of the museum, and instead provide the name of the website and the URL. Additionally, always remember to include a period after the year, as it refers to the date of creation, not the date of publication on the website.
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Citing a painting in a book
Chicago Style
When citing a painting in a book using Chicago style, you can follow this format:
> Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Painting or description if no title. Date of Creation. Medium of artwork, size of artwork. Name of Institution Where Painting is Located, Name of City [if not mentioned in Institution's name]. In Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, edition if given and not first edition, by Book Author's First Name Last Name (Publisher, Year), page number, fig. Figure Number.
For example:
> Monet, Claude. Water Lilies. 1906. Oil on canvas, 200 x 200 cm. Museum of Modern Art, New York. In The Art of Monet: A Retrospective by John Smith (MoMA Publications, 2022), p. 56, fig. 2.
If you viewed the painting in person, the citation would be structured as follows:
> Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Painting or description if no title. Date of Creation. Medium of artwork, size of artwork. Name of Institution Where Painting is Located, Name of City [if not mentioned in Institution's name].
For example:
> Monet, Claude. Water Lilies. 1906. Oil on canvas, 200 x 200 cm. Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Additionally, when citing images in Chicago style, you should label them as "figures" and include captions. The first figure should be labelled as "Fig. 1", the second as "Fig. 2", and so on. Captions should include a credit line, sometimes in parentheses or in a different type, and may be incomplete or complete sentences.
MLA Style
When citing a painting in a book using MLA style, follow this format:
> Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of the Painting. Year of Creation, Name of the Museum or Gallery, City of the museum or gallery, Book Title, Book Author, Page Number.
For example:
> Monet, Claude. Water Lilies. 1906, Museum of Modern Art, New York City, The Art World, Jane Doe, p. 45.
If you are citing a photographic reproduction of a painting in a book, treat the book as a container and include the bibliographic information for the source in which the photograph appears, including page or reference numbers.
For example:
> Monet, Claude. Water Lilies. 1906, Museum of Modern Art, New York City, Art History Explored, John Smith, p. 123, plate 5.
APA Style
When citing a painting in a book using APA style, follow this format:
> Artist's Last Name, First Name. (Year of Creation). Title of the Painting. [Medium]. Name of the Museum or Gallery, City of the museum or gallery.
For example:
> Monet, Claude. (1906). Water Lilies. [Oil on canvas]. Museum of Modern Art, New York City.
Remember to include as much relevant information as possible, such as the title of the painting (in italics if available), the date of creation, the medium, size, and the location of the painting. Additionally, always check with your instructor or the specific style guide for any variations or additional requirements.
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Citing a painting from the web
When citing a painting from the web, there are several styles you can use, including APA, MLA, and Chicago. Here's a guide on how to cite a painting from the web using these three styles:
APA Style:
The basic format for citing a painting in APA style is as follows:
Artist's Last Name, Artist's First Initial. *(Year).* *Title of Painting* [Medium or materials used]. *Name of Museum*, *City*, State/Country. URL
For example:
Boucher, F. *(1765). Virgin and Child with the Young Saint John the Baptist and Angels* [Painting]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, NY, USA. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435744
MLA Style:
To cite a painting in MLA style, follow this format:
Artist's Last Name, Artist's First Name. *Title of Artwork* OR *description*. *Year of Creation*, *Museum*, *City*.
For example:
Matisse, Henri. *Femme au chapeau* *(Woman with a Hat)*. *1905, Museum of Modern Art, New York City*
If you are citing a painting you viewed online, include the URL at the end of the citation:
Artist's Last Name, Artist's First Name. *Title of Artwork* OR *description*. *Year of Creation*, *Museum*, *City*. URL
Chicago Style:
The Chicago Manual of Style recommends the following format for citing a painting from the web:
Footnote Number: Artist's First Name Last Name, *Title of Artwork* or *description if no title*, *Date of Creation*, *medium* of artwork, *size* of artwork, *Name of Institution* where artwork is located, *Name of City [if not already stated in Institution name], *Title of Website, Museum Accession Number, URL.
For example:
1: Henri Matisse, *Femme au chapeau* *(Woman with a Hat)*, *1905*, oil on canvas, 51.2 x 45.7 cm, Museum of Modern Art, New York City, www.moma.org/collection/works/79049, 79.1959.1
Note that the Chicago style recommends including as much information as possible, such as the size of the artwork and the museum accession number. However, you can omit any elements that you do not know, such as the medium or size. Additionally, if you are inserting the image into your paper, provide the citation information in a caption under the image instead of in a footnote.
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Citing a painting viewed in person
- Artist's Last Name, First Name: Begin the citation with the artist's last name, followed by a comma, and then their first name.
- Title of Painting: Provide the title of the artwork. If the artwork does not have a title, provide a brief description of it. The title should be in italics.
- Year of Creation: Include the year the painting was created.
- Medium and Materials: Describe the medium or materials used in the painting, such as oil on canvas or watercolour.
- Dimensions: If available, include the dimensions of the painting, such as its height and width.
- Museum or Gallery Name and Location: State the name of the museum or gallery where the painting is located, followed by the city.
Leutze, Emmanuel. Washington Crossing the Delaware. 1851. Oil on canvas. 149 x 255 inches. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
It is important to note that different citation styles, such as MLA, APA, or Chicago, may have specific requirements or variations. Additionally, always check with your instructor or publication guidelines for any specific preferences or instructions.
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Frequently asked questions
If you are referring to a painting and including the image in your document, you should include a caption with a credit line and a short citation. The caption should be labelled as a figure followed by a number, e.g. Fig. 1. The caption should also include the artist's name, the title of the painting, the date, the medium, and the size of the artwork. If you have viewed the painting in person, you should also include the name of the institution where the artwork is located and the city.
If you found the image in a book or published source, you will need to include the name of the book, the author of the book, the publisher, the publication year, and the page number in the footnote.
If you found the image online, you will need to include a brief parenthetical (in-text) citation and a bibliography entry. The footnote should include the artist's name, the title of the painting, the date, the medium, the size of the artwork, the name of the institution where the artwork is located, the city, the name of the website, the URL, and the access date.
