Isabella Flores
Paintings on paper can be displayed in a variety of ways, such as by mounting them on board, hanging them on a scroll, or using magnets to attach them to a wall. When citing a painting, it is essential to include specific information, such as the artist's name, the title of the work, the year it was created, and the materials used. The location of the painting, such as the name of the museum or gallery, and its dimensions are also crucial elements in a citation. This information ensures proper attribution and helps others locate and view the artwork. The specific format of the citation may vary depending on the style guide being used, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago style.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Artist's name | Yes |
| Title of the painting | Yes |
| Year of creation | Yes |
| Materials used | Yes |
| Dimensions | Yes |
| Museum name | Yes |
| City of the museum | Yes |
| URL | Yes |
| Date accessed | Optional |
| Frame | Yes |
| Varnish or wax | Yes |
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What You'll Learn
Citing paintings in APA, MLA, or Chicago style
Citing a painting in academic work is similar to citing a book, but it typically requires a bit more information. The general format for citing a painting in APA, MLA, or Chicago style is as follows:
APA style
Last name, First name/Initial. (Year). Title [Description of medium]. Name of Museum or Gallery, City of the museum or gallery, State/Province, Country. URL
For example:
Matisse, H. (1905). Femme au chapeau [Woman with a Hat]. Museum of Modern Art, New York City, NY, USA. https://moma.org/...
If the painting was viewed online, the format would be:
Artist. (Year). Title [Description of medium]. Name of Museum or Gallery, City of Museum or Gallery, State/Province, Country. Retrieved from URL
For example:
Leutze, E. (1851). Washington Crossing the Delaware [Oil on canvas]. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, NY, USA. Retrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/...
MLA style
Last name, First name. Title of Painting. Year of creation, Name of Museum or Gallery, City of the museum or gallery. Title of Website, URL
For example:
Matisse, Henri. Femme au chapeau. 1905, Museum of Modern Art, New York City. https://moma.org/...
If the painting was viewed in person, the format would be the same as above, but without the URL.
Chicago style
Last name, First name. Title of Artwork OR description. Year of creation, Museum, City, State/Province, Country. Accessed Month Day, Year, URL
For example:
Leutze, Emmanuel. Washington Crossing the Delaware. 1851, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, NY, USA. Accessed July 4, 2022, http://www.metmuseum.org/...
If the painting was viewed in person, the format would be the same as above, but without the access date and URL.
In all styles, if the artist is unknown, start the citation with the title of the work, and provide any available information about the medium, dimensions, museum, and location.
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Using a frame and a mat
Using a mat and a frame is a great way to display paintings on paper. The mat provides a separation between the artwork and the glass, preventing them from touching, and it makes the piece look more polished. It is recommended to use a simple frame and a white or off-white mat. If you are submitting your work to renting programs, a white or neutral-coloured mat is preferred.
Mats can be customised and embellished to suit the style of the artwork. For instance, covering a store-bought mat in fabric or textured paper can give it a distinctive surface that contrasts with the surrounding walls. Adding a border of paint or ribbon to a mat can enhance the appeal of a vintage photo. The busier the design on the mat, the less noticeable the frame will be. Subtle changes in the mat's dimensions, colour, thickness, and texture will also affect the overall look of the framed artwork.
When framing your artwork, it is important to consider the type of materials used. For valuable pieces of art, it is recommended to use 100% rag mat board, which is made of cotton and is pH-balanced. Acid-free and lignin-free mat boards are also suitable for framing artwork. Lignin is a by-product of wood pulp that can darken when exposed to light, so it is important to choose a lignin-free mat board. The thickness of the mat board can range from two to eight-ply, with conservators recommending a minimum of four-ply for adequate depth.
To create a custom mat, you will need to measure and cut the mat board to fit the frame and the artwork. You can practice making cuts on a small scrap section of the mat board to get a feel for the pressure and accuracy required. It is recommended to make the bottom of the mat slightly taller than the top to create the illusion of the artwork being lifted. After cutting the mat to size, you can attach your artwork to the mat using linen hinging tape. Finally, place the mat and artwork into the frame and secure it in place using framing brads or glue.
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Mounting paintings on board
When it comes to displaying artwork, there are several options to consider. One such option is mounting paintings on board. This method works well with thick watercolour paper or yupo paper, and is ideal if you want to display your work without a frame.
Before mounting, it is recommended to spray your painting with a workable fixative like Krylon, which will prevent smudging and allow you to apply varnish on top. You can then brush a layer of varnish onto your painting as a finish, or use wax to protect your artwork from water and humidity.
To begin the mounting process, you will need to gather your tools and materials. These include untempered hardboard (sealed with PVA to prevent acid migration), an adhesive (such as Lineco Neutral pH Adhesive), a rubber brayer, a pencil, a box cutter, a steel ruler, and a pushpin.
First, draw a rectangle on your painting surface to mark the boundary of your artwork. This rectangle should be the same size as the board you will use for mounting. Position the board on your painting, then use the pushpin to make a pinprick at each corner. Remove the board and flip your painting over. Identify the pinpricks and connect them with a ruler to form a rectangle.
Next, lay your painting face-up and position the board so that it aligns with the pencilled outline. Apply adhesive to the board, then place a heavy weight on top and let it dry overnight.
On the next day, keep the painting paint-side down and carefully cut away any excess paper or canvas using a box cutter and steel ruler. If needed, you can lightly sand away any "burrs" created on the paper's edge. Finally, if there are any areas where the glue didn't reach, simply add a small amount of extra glue and press down.
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Applying a layer of protection
When it comes to applying a layer of protection to your paintings on paper, there are a few options to consider. Firstly, you might want to mount your paper on board, which is a great way to display your work unframed. This method works well with thick watercolour paper or yupo paper. While this approach leaves your paper unprotected, it can be an aesthetically pleasing way to present your artwork.
If you prefer to frame your paintings, a simple frame with a white or off-white mat is recommended. This is especially beneficial if you plan to rent out your artwork, as neutral colours are often preferred. Additionally, consider using Plexiglas, which is sometimes mandatory for shipping purposes and provides an extra layer of protection.
To safeguard your paintings from water and humidity, you can apply a finish such as varnish or wax. Before applying varnish, it is advisable to spray your painting with a workable fixative like Krylon to prevent smudging. You can then choose to brush on the varnish, but be aware that it cannot be removed from paper. Testing on a small area first is recommended. Alternatively, you can use wax, which is more natural and has a milder odour. However, wax may only be suitable for watercolour or acrylic paintings, and it must be applied with a soft fabric or tissue.
Another option for finishing your paintings is to use mod podge, which can be applied in layers. If you are concerned about potential chemical issues, you can explore alternatives such as acrylic medium. These protective layers will ensure your paintings are preserved and can be safely displayed or transported.
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Citing artwork in prose
When citing artwork in a piece of prose, there are a few standard formats that can be followed, depending on the style of referencing used. The most common styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago. Here are some guidelines for each:
APA Style
When citing a painting in APA style, it is important to include certain basic information. This includes the name of the artist, the title of the work, the year it was created, a description of the materials used, the dimensions, the name of the museum or gallery where it is housed, and the city where the museum is located. Here is an example of an APA-style citation for a painting:
> Leutze, E. (1851). Washington Crossing the Delaware [Oil on canvas]. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, United States.
MLA Style
MLA-style citations for artwork include the artist's name, the title of the work, the year of creation, the museum or gallery name and its location, and the URL of the source. If the artwork is viewed online, include the name of the website, the publisher or sponsoring organization, and the date of publication or last modified date. Here is an example of an MLA-style citation for a painting:
> Dalí, S. (1931). The Persistence of Memory. Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79018
If the artwork is viewed in person, the format is the same, but replace the website information with the name of the gallery or museum:
> Lange, D. (1965). Black Maria, Oakland, 1957 [Gelatin silver print]. Art Institute, Chicago, IL.
Chicago Style
Chicago-style citations for artwork are similar to APA and MLA. They include the artist's name, title of the work, year of creation, materials used, dimensions, museum or gallery name and its location, and URL if viewed online. Here is an example of a Chicago-style citation for a painting:
> Dalí, Salvador. The Persistence of Memory. 1931, oil on canvas. Museum of Modern Art, New York. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79018
General Guidelines
Regardless of the specific style used, there are some general guidelines to follow when citing artwork in prose:
- The first time an artist is cited, use their full name (first name and surname). In subsequent citations, use only the surname.
- Italicize the titles of paintings, drawings, photographs, statues, and other works of art.
- Provide the dimensions of the artwork, using either metric or imperial measurements, but be consistent throughout your text.
- If the artwork is housed in a museum, include the museum's name, city, and country (or state if in the US).
- If viewed online, include the URL of the source.
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